For a long time, it was agreed that birds did not have a sense of taste, or that if they did, it was minimal (Rowland…
This paper discusses the molecular aspects of the spine and the spinal cord. It explores the purpose of the spinal cord and how it operates…
Keratin structures are found throughout the animal world and can be found in diverse forms with varying functions. Hair has evolved to fit the needs…
This report describes two of the most important gas exchangers for all living animals: lungs and gills. Throughout the research, cutaneous respiration will also be…
In “The Optical Properties of Camera Eyes” the optical properties of the camera-type eye and how light can properly converge light onto the retina to…
Often, only the sense of sight and hearing are considered essential to understanding the world in which humans live in. In practice, however, the sense…
The skin is a highly complex organ. It contains many components which allow it to fulfil its functions. These components include various cells and proteins…