For a long time, it was agreed that birds did not have a sense of taste, or that if they did, it was minimal (Rowland…
This paper discusses the molecular aspects of the spine and the spinal cord. It explores the purpose of the spinal cord and how it operates…
Keratin structures are found throughout the animal world and can be found in diverse forms with varying functions. Hair has evolved to fit the needs…
This report describes two of the most important gas exchangers for all living animals: lungs and gills. Throughout the research, cutaneous respiration will also be…
This paper delves into the details and applications of stable isotope and diet analysis. The report begins by giving a general overview of some key…
In contrast to their closest modern relatives, the family Crocodylinae, avian eggs dramatically range in egg size, shape and color. Primarily for protection from predators,…
The goal of the following report is to explore the intricacies of marine animals’ flippers at a molecular level. Three main topics will be addressed throughout…
In “The Optical Properties of Camera Eyes” the optical properties of the camera-type eye and how light can properly converge light onto the retina to…
Often, only the sense of sight and hearing are considered essential to understanding the world in which humans live in. In practice, however, the sense…
Life in the wild is extremely harsh. Major injuries such as the loss of a limb can quickly turn fatal for many animals if they…
The skin is a highly complex organ. It contains many components which allow it to fulfil its functions. These components include various cells and proteins…
This paper focuses on the biochemical and cellular properties of different cells found in the heart tissues such as cardiomyocytes and cardiac pacemaker cells. Cardiac…